home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Network Working Group R. Callon
- Request for Comments: 1069 DEC
- Obsoletes: RFC 986 H.W. Braun
- UMich
- February 1989
-
-
- Guidelines for the use of Internet-IP addresses in the
- ISO Connectionless-Mode Network Protocol
-
- Status of This Memo
-
- This RFC suggests an addressing scheme for use with the ISO
- Connectionless Network Protocol (CLNP) in the Internet. This is a
- solution to one of the problems inherent in the use of "ISO-grams" in
- the Internet. This RFC suggests a proposed protocol for the Internet
- community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements.
- Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
-
- This memo is a revision of RFC 986. Changes were made in order to
- allow the addressing used in the CLNP in the Internet to be
- potentially useful for routing in the context of new inter- and
- intra-domain routing protocols, and in the context of large numbers
- of networks and routing domains. The addressing scheme proposed in
- this RFC allows individual routing domains to make use of internal
- routing algorithms utilizing a variety of addressing formats, while
- still providing for a common addressing approach for use by inter-
- domain routing. These features are important due to the rapid growth
- currently being experienced in the Internet.
-
- 1. Objectives
-
- The data communications protocols currently emerging out of the
- international standardization efforts warrant an early integration
- into the existing extensive Internet network infrastructure. The two
- possible approaches are a top-down one, where ISO applications like
- FTAM, X.400 and VTP are integrated on top of the transport function
- of the IP protocol suite, or a bottom-up approach where the whole ISO
- tower gets integrated without merging the two suites. The bottom-up
- approach may make use of the fact that the ISO-CLNP and the IP are
- very similar in function. This implies that it is reasonable to
- implement a multiprotocol function in some or all of the Internet
- gateways (potentially including part or all of the Internet
- environment). The result would be that at least large portions of
- the Internet, in particular the backbones, can become usable for full
- implementations of the ISO protocol stack.
-
- A major problem with this approach is that there are open issues with
-
-
-
- Callon & Braun [Page 1]
-
- RFC 1069 IP ISO Addressing February 1989
-
-
- regard to the ISO addressing within the CLNP. In particular, the ISO
- network layer addressing standard allows a great deal of flexibility
- in the assignment of addresses, and a particular address format must
- be chosen. A further problem is the need for implementation and
- integration of routing facilities for the ISO-compatible subset of
- the Internet environment.
-
- This paper proposed to use addresses which are considerably more
- flexible than the addresses used in the current IP Internet
- environment. This flexibility is necessary in order to allow some
- routing domains to base their internal routing protocol on addresses
- derived from the current IP addresses, to allow other routing domains
- to base routing on addresses in accordance to the intra-domain
- routing protocol being developed by ANSI and ISO [6], and to allow
- generality for a future inter-domain routing protocol.
-
- The addressing scheme proposed here makes use of the concept of
- "routing domains" as used in ANSI and ISO. This concept is similar
- to, but not identical with, the concept of "Autonomous System" used
- in the Internet. Routing domains include a combination of gateways,
- networks, and end systems (not just gateways), and routing domain
- boundaries may be used to define associated access control and policy
- routing constraints. Like autonomous systems, routing domains may be
- assumed to be topologically contiguous. There is no a priori reason
- why routing domains assigned for use with the ISO IP need to have any
- particular relation with existing autonomous systems which have been
- assigned for use with the IP. The assignment of specific routing
- domain identifiers is an "assigned numbers" function which is
- necessary for use of the ISO IP in the Internet, but is beyond the
- scope of this document.
-
- It is expected that this addressing scheme will be appropriate for
- long term use with the ISO IP in the Internet. However, it is also
- expected that in the long term, the Internet will be interconnected
- with other routing domains making use of other schemes, such as
- addresses assigned to commercial internets through ANSI, and
- addresses assigned by national standards organizations in other
- countries. This implies that, in the long term, gateways in the
- Internet will need to be able to route datagrams to destinations in
- other routing domains not conforming to the addressing format
- proposed here. This is discussed in greater detail in section 6.
-
- 2. Introduction
-
- The CLNP is documented in [1], but for matters of completeness the
- following illustration of the CLNP header is included here as Figure
- 1.
-
-
-
-
- Callon & Braun [Page 2]
-
- RFC 1069 IP ISO Addressing February 1989
-
-
- The addressing part of the header is the subject of this RFC, i.e.,
- the source and the destination address, respectively. These
- addresses are generally discussed in [2] and [3], with this document
- presenting a specific method for addressing in the Internet
- environment, consistent with the international standardized NSAP
- addresses.
-
- Octet
- +--------------------------------------+ +--------
- | Network Layer Protocol Identifier | 1 :
- |--------------------------------------| :
- | Length Indicator | 2 :
- |--------------------------------------| :
- | Version/Protocol Id Extension | 3 : Fixed
- |--------------------------------------| :
- | Lifetime | 4 : Part
- |--------------------------------------| :
- |SP|MS|E/R| Type | 5 :
- |--------------------------------------| :
- | Segment Length | 6,7 :
- |--------------------------------------| :
- | Checksum | 8,9 :
- |--------------------------------------| +--------
- | Destination Address Length Indicator | 10 :
- |--------------------------------------| :
- | Destination Address | 11 through m-1 : Address
- |--------------------------------------| :
- | Source Address Length Indicator | m : Part
- |--------------------------------------| :
- | Source Address | m+1 through n-1 :
- |--------------------------------------| +--------
- | Data Unit Identifier | n,n+1 :
- |--------------------------------------| : Segment
- | Segment Offset | n+2,n+3 : ation
- |--------------------------------------| :
- | Total Length | n+4,n+5 : Part
- |--------------------------------------| +--------
- | Options | n+6 through p : Options
- Part
- |--------------------------------------| +--------
- | Data | p+1 through z : Data
- +--------------------------------------+ +--------
-
- Figure 1: PDU Header Format
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Callon & Braun [Page 3]
-
- RFC 1069 IP ISO Addressing February 1989
-
-
- 3. Addresses for Use in the Internet
-
- This section describes the addresses used to address NSAPs in the
- Internet.
-
- The appropriate Authority and Format Identifier (AFI) is one octet in
- length. It specifies an ISO-6523-ICD assignment, and also that the
- Domain Specific Part (DSP) of the address is based on binary. The
- AFI octet uses the value "47". The ISO-6523-ICD format is used to
- emphasize that this is an administrative assignment. The usage of an
- ISO DCC (Data Country Code) would be possible, but could be
- misleading due to the fairly far spread geographical extent of the
- Internet.
-
- As required by the ISO addressing standard, the next two octets of
- the address, in this case, specify the Initial Domain Identifier.
- This two octet value is the International Code Designator (ICD)
- assigned to the Internet, "0006".
-
- The remainder of the NSAP address is the Domain Specific Part (DSP).
- This is assigned by the Internet administration, which is considered
- to be an addressing domain. Note that there is no particular
- relationship required between addressing domains and routing domains.
- In this case, although the Internet is considered to be a single
- addressing domain, it is expected that it will consist of multiple
- routing domains.
-
- The DSP of the address specifies a one octet version number, a two
- octet global area number, a two octet routing domain number, a
- variable length padding field, a variable length IGP specific part,
- and a one octet selector field.
-
- The version number is provided to allow for future extensions, and
- must contain the value "02".
-
- The global area number and routing domain number are provided to
- allow for inter-domain routing. Initially, the global area number is
- reserved and must be set to zero. The routing domain number may be
- set to the routing domain number of any gateway by which the
- associated host address is directly reachable.
-
- The IGP specific part of the address may contain whatever addressing
- format is used in the routing domain. Two particular formats are
- expected to be used initially, and are presented in section 4.
- Padding is used so that the entire address will always be 20 octets
- in length.
-
- The selector field performs the same function as the user protocol
-
-
-
- Callon & Braun [Page 4]
-
- RFC 1069 IP ISO Addressing February 1989
-
-
- field in the IP header. This is necessary because the ISO protocol
- considers identification of the user protocol to be an addressing
- issue, and therefore does not allow for the user protocol to be
- specified in the protocol header independently from the address.
-
- The assignment of specific routing domain identifiers to defined
- routing domains, and the assignment of values for use in the selector
- field, are functions for the Assigned Numbers authority for the
- Internet [4]. The specific values to be used are outside of the
- scope of this document.
-
- In summary, a source or destination address within the ISO
- Connectionless Protocol, when used in the Internet, looks as follows:
-
- Octet
-
- +------------------------+
- | AFI | 1
- +------------------------+
- | IDI / ICD | 2
- +-- --+
- |(specifies DoD Internet)| 3
- +------------------------+
- | Version Number | 4
- +------------------------+
- | Global Area | 5
- +--- ---+
- | Number | 6
- +------------------------+
- | Routing | 7
- +--- ---+
- | Domain | 8
- +------------------------+
- | | 9
- : Padding : :
- : : :
- | | n
- +------------------------+
- | IGP | n+1
- : : :
- : : :
- | Specific | 19
- +------------------------+
- | Selector | 20
- +------------------------+
-
- Figure 2: ISO IP address structure
-
-
-
-
- Callon & Braun [Page 5]
-
- RFC 1069 IP ISO Addressing February 1989
-
-
- The Authority and Format Identifier (AFI) is "47" (BCD). The Initial
- Domain Identifier (IDI) consists of the International Code Designator
- (ICD) assigned to the Internet, and must contain the value "0006".
- The Version Number must contain the value "02". The Global Area
- Number must contains the value "00". The Padding field is of
- variable length, but must contain the value zero.
-
- 4. Specific Values for use with the IGP specific field
-
- In general, a particular routing domain may specify any addressing
- scheme for use with the IGP specific part of the address, up to 11
- octets in length (consistent with the maximum address length of 20
- octets). However, it is expected that initially addresses used in
- this field will consist of either the current IP addresses, or
- addresses conformant with those specified in the draft ANSI proposal
- for intra-domain routing.
-
- For end systems which are members of routing domains using the IP
- addresses for internal routing, the addresses will look as follows:
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Callon & Braun [Page 6]
-
- RFC 1069 IP ISO Addressing February 1989
-
-
- Octet
-
- +------------------------+
- | AFI | 1
- +------------------------+
- | IDI / ICD | 2
- +-- --+
- |(specifies DoD Internet)| 3
- +------------------------+
- | Version Number | 4
- +------------------------+
- | Global Area | 5
- +--- ---+
- | Number | 6
- +------------------------+
- | Routing | 7
- +--- ---+
- | Domain | 8
- +------------------------+
- | | 9
- : Padding : :
- : : :
- | | 15
- +------------------------+
- | Four Octet | 16
- +--- ---+
- | Internet | 17
- +--- ---+
- | DoD | 18
- +--- ---+
- | Address | 19
- +------------------------+
- | Selector | 20
- +------------------------+
-
- Figure 3: ISO IP Address with Encoded DoD IP Address
-
- For end systems which are members of routing domains using the
- address format specified in the draft ANSI proposal for intra-domain
- routing [6], the addresses will look as follows:
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Callon & Braun [Page 7]
-
- RFC 1069 IP ISO Addressing February 1989
-
-
- Octet
-
- +------------------------+
- | AFI | 1
- +------------------------+
- | IDI / ICD | 2
- +-- --+
- |(specifies DOD Internet)| 3
- +------------------------+
- | Version Number | 4
- +------------------------+
- | Global Area | 5
- +--- ---+
- | Number | 6
- +------------------------+
- | Routing | 7
- +--- ---+
- | Domain | 8
- +------------------------+
- | | 9
- +--- ---+
- | Padding | 10
- +--- ---+
- | | 11
- +------------------------+
- | | 12
- +--- LOC-AREA ---+
- | | 13
- +------------------------+
- | | 14
- : ID : :
- : : :
- | | 19
- +------------------------+
- | Selector | 20
- +------------------------+
-
- Figure 4: ISO IP Address with Encoded ANSI-format Address
-
- 5. Devices Attached to PDNs
-
- Otherwise isolated end systems, which are attached to the Internet
- only indirectly via public data networks, and simple LANs which are
- similarly attached only via Public Data Networks, may make use of a
- separate address format based on their X.121 address. Such addresses
- may, for example, use the ISO-X.121 address format discussed in [3].
- These addresses will need to be handled for routing purposes in much
- the same way as addresses in routing domains which have been
-
-
-
- Callon & Braun [Page 8]
-
- RFC 1069 IP ISO Addressing February 1989
-
-
- interconnected to the Internet, but which use other address formats,
- such as those specified by national standards bodies.
-
- 6. Migration to Future Routing Protocols
-
- Initially, routing of ISO datagrams in the Internet may make use of
- the first 8 octets of the address (AFI, ICD, version, global area
- number, and routing domain number) as a flat field identifying the
- routing domain. This implies that if EGP is initially used for
- routing between routing domains, a new version of EGP may be required
- to carry 8 octet routing domain numbers instead of 3 octet network
- numbers.
-
- There are currently several efforts underway to determine the
- requirements for inter-autonomous system routing, and to define a new
- protocol. One of the requirements of inter-autonomous system routing
- is the need to be able to deal with a very large Internet. It is
- anticipated that during the lifetime of the addressing scheme
- described in this RFC the number of networks in the Internet will
- grow to the point where it is no longer feasible for any gateway to
- maintain separate routes to every network in the Internet. Allowing
- inter-domain routing to be done by routing domain number instead of
- network number is therefore a necessary step in the long term.
-
- It is difficult to anticipate the rate at which the number of routing
- domains may grow. For example, during a period of time in which the
- number of networks grows by a factor of 100, it is not clear whether
- the number of routing domains may also be expected to grow by a
- factor of 100, or by some lesser amount. It is possible that the
- number of routing domains will also grow to a point where it is not
- feasible for a single gateway to maintain separate routes to each.
- In order to prepare for this eventuality, we have provided for a
- "global area" field.
-
- In the long term, it will be necessary for gateways to route to
- destinations which are in routing domains utilizing other addressing
- formats, specified by other organizations such as ANSI, ECMA, etc.
- In this case, it will not be possible to ensure that the first 8
- octets of the address specifies the routing domain. In the long
- term, it will therefore be necessary to route based on variable
- length routing domain identifiers. It may be assumed that future
- inter-domain routing protocols will allow for specification of either
- (1) an address mask, specifying which part of an address is relevant
- for specifying those destinations which are reachable via a
- particular domain; or (2) a length field, specifying how many leading
- octets in a particular address are relevant. Specification of the
- details of such a routing protocol is beyond the scope of this
- document.
-
-
-
- Callon & Braun [Page 9]
-
- RFC 1069 IP ISO Addressing February 1989
-
-
- References
-
- [1] ISO, "Protocol for Providing the Connectionless-Mode Network
- Services", RFC-926, ISO, December 1984.
-
- [2] ANSI, "Guidelines for the Specification of the Structure of the
- Domain Specific Part (DSP) of the ISO Standard NSAP Address",
- RFC-982, ANSI Working Document X3S3.3/85-258, April 1986.
-
- [3] ISO, Draft International Standard 8348/DAD2, "Information
- Processing Systems -- Data Communications -- Network Service
- Definition, Addendum 2 Covering Network Layer Addressing", RFC-
- 941, April 1985.
-
- [4] Reynolds, J. and J. Postel, "Assigned Numbers", RFC-1010,
- USC/Information Sciences Institute, May 1987.
-
- [5] Callon, R. and H. W. Braun, "Working Draft -- Guidelines for the
- use of Internet-IP addresses in the ISO Connectionless-Mode
- Network Protocol," RFC-986, June 1986.
-
- [6] ISO TC97/SC6/WG2 working document, "Intermediate System to
- Intermediate System Intra-Domain Routing Exchange Protocol".
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Callon & Braun [Page 10]
-